When you hear the word ‘pathogen,’ what do you think of?

I think of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Things that can cause disease in humans. However, I’d argue that looking at the word with a broader mindset could be beneficial to providers and patients alike. Social influences like media, conspiracy, racism, negative politics, as well as mental health challenges and addictions could be viewed as pathogens. Looking through this lens and addressing the resulting problems could work well in tandem with the hard physical science of medicine. 

Social pathogens represent the harmful ideas and behaviors that spread within communities. Recently, a lot of mistrust in our neighbors has been sewn by both political parties. Both sides are morally wrong and corrupt, according to the other. Somehow, we are simultaneously facing serious national security threats or the end of democracy every single election. While this works extremely well in getting the people riled up and voting, it absolutely destroys trust in our country, in our communities, and in each other. Politics is a huge stressor to many, and it’s hard to get away from. Stress exacerbates already present health problems and decaying support circles lead to higher depression levels and a less balanced population.

Another prime example is the rise of anti-vaccination movements and distrust in modern medicine. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of vaccines, these movements persist, often fueled by bad actors, faulty studies, and paranoia about government overreach. I consider vaccines to be one of the most important medical advancements of all time. Through them, doctors have saved countless lives by preventing diseases like polio, measles, the flu, COVID, and eventually even HIV. Yet, skepticism and fear have led some to view vaccination mandates as invasive rather than protective.

Critics of vaccine mandates argue that individuals should have autonomy over their bodies, which is both valid and important. However, this argument can falter when weighed against that of public freedom and health. Those that are immunocompromised, those that are young, and older folk all have just as much of a right to live as you and me. Outlandish claims of microchips in vaccines and poisonous substances meant to weaken the American people touted by social media extremists have created a barrier to universal acceptance, and should not hold water against the rights of others. Mandates for vaccines are a necessary safeguard against outbreaks, especially when societal trust in science has ended. If more people understood the processes behind vaccine development and their benefits, the government would not even have to mandate anything. People would be going in droves to stay up to date, upgrading their immune system with each shot. The challenge lies in addressing these social pathogens of mistrust and misinformation effectively, hopefully to end up creating a culture that values evidence-based decision-making.

Although mental health conditions like depression are not historically viewed as pathogens, looking at them through a similar lens offers a novel perspective. Depression can disrupt a person’s life much like a pathogen disrupts physical health. It takes energy, motivation, and joy out of living. Physical symptoms manifest as well, further proving my point. It can be extremely hard to find the root cause, and rigorous treatment needs to be a priority.

Treating mental health issues with the seriousness they deserve requires viewing treatments like sunlight, exercise, social interaction, and medication as needed tools. Just as antibiotics or antivirals target specific biological pathogens, mental health interventions can help reverse the adverse health effects of depression. Framing mental health in this way can inspire a more compassionate approach, emphasizing holistic care and the importance of early intervention.

Actual biological pathogens are fascinating. These microscopic creatures, despite their simplicity, have developed extraordinary mechanisms to survive and replicate. They completely abuse and use their hosts to get ahead. Taking it further with viruses, we see DNA that exists only to replicate itself. These organisms aren’t even alive, yet their sole purpose is to replicate and replicate, not caring whether it destroys or what it ends. Programmed to survive for the sole purpose of survival.

Pathogens become even more interesting when we observe their impact on human health. Scabies, a condition caused by mites that burrow into the skin, lay eggs, and wreak havoc on their host, is just revolting. The mere thought of these microscopic organisms surviving at the expense of another human is unsettling, fascinating, and disgusting. 

Among the most terrifying of pathogens are prions. Prions are misfolded proteins. They can cause devastating conditions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, leading to rapid, irreversible brain damage and ultimately death. These proteins are unique in their ability to trigger a chain reaction of misfolding in healthy proteins. Diseases like rabies and mad cow disease fall into similar categories, but prions still take the cake. 

Somehow, against all odds, humans have turned pathogens into something good. Viruses have been studied and replicated to advance into tools for healing. Gene therapy uses modified viruses to deliver genetic material that can correct or replace defective genes. Scientists have developed treatments for genetic disorders, cancers, and other chronic conditions. It’s amazing.

This innovation does not come without cost. Ethical questions about the boundaries of human enhancement are an important subject to discuss. What constitutes a disease? If someone isn’t 6 feet tall and super muscular, should their descendants be ‘cured’? The idea of ‘designer babies’ and superhuman capabilities may be controversial, but it is also a natural extension and evolution of progress. Embracing these advancements responsibly could lead to a future where humanity overcomes longstanding limitations, achieving greater health and resilience.

From microorganisms to societal influences and even therapeutic tools, pathogens encompass a broad spectrum that profoundly affect human life. By expanding our understanding of what a pathogen is, we gain valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities that shape our world. Whether addressing misinformation, treating mental health, or harnessing the power of biotechnology, we have no limits. Humans have won against the shadows, the enemy, the invisible bad guy that has terrified our ancestors for thousands of years. We haven’t quite conquered it yet, but someday soon I completely believe societal pathogens as well as natural pathogens can be destroyed.